Cochlear implant use require neuroplasticity within the central auditory system. Despite extensive studies on how cochlear implants activate the auditory system, understanding of cochlear implant-related neuroplasticity remains unknown. This study investigated behavioral responses and neural activity in locus coeruleus and auditory cortex of deafened rats fitted with multi-channel cochlear implants. For this study, Long-Evans or TH-Cre rats were used for all experiments. Animals were trained on a reward-based auditory task, with considerable individual differences of learning rates and maximum performance. The dataset contains behavioral, fiber photometry, immunohistochemistry, and electrophysiology data. The data indicate that adequate engagement of central neuromodulatory systems is a clinically-relevant target for optimizing neuroprosthetic device use.