Oxytocin, a hormone released by the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), enables neuroplasticity in the auditory cortex for maternal recognition of pup distress. This study continuously monitored the behavior of female virgin mice co-housed with an experienced mother and litter. To examine the behavioral events and neural activity patterns that lead to maternal behavior in virgin female mice, they built a system for days-long combined behavioral and neural activity monitoring in cages of mother, litter, and co-housed virgin female mice. This system consists of an overhead camera imaging homecages with visible (daytime) and infrared light (nighttime), synchronized with ultrasonic audio recordings and amplifiers for neural recordings. The dataset includes video recordings of the behavior of virgin mice with dams and pups and single cell recordings from the left paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of virgin mice.